Hazelnut, the scientific name of the Hirami, is a genuine plant of the Birch family. It is an important dried fruit and wood oil tree species. The significant characteristics of hazelnuts are nuts, high yield, strong cold resistance, thin shell, pure taste, and the beauty of the “king of nuts”. Hazelnuts are high -quality raw materials for processing foods such as chocolate, candy, cakes. Hazelnuts can also be used as medicine.
Due to the small nuts, low yield, poor quality, and poor perception of wild hazelnuts in my country, they can no longer meet the needs of increasingly rising consumer living standards to pursue high -quality products. Plantors hybridize with wild flat hazelnuts through the introduction of European excellent hazelnuts, and have selected nearly a hundred with large fruit, beautiful appearance, seductive color, thin fruit shells, full fruits, good taste, disease -resistant insects and diseases and insects and insects and insects and insects and insects and insects and insects. Strong anti -inverse ability, wide adaptability, storage resistance, and high yield series of hazelnuts. Next, doctors of agriculture will share with you some high -yield planting techniques for hazelnuts.
1. The growth and development law of big fruit hazelnuts
The nutrition growth of large fruit hazelnuts starts from mid-to-late April each year. When the external temperature stabilizes at 8-10 degrees, the big fruit hazelnut bud scales begin to split, and the buds start. The expansion was expanded until the first blade was unfolded, and the large fruit hazelnut entered the leaf period. After 30 days after the bud, the leaves of the hazelnut tree grew into the rapid growth period, which could form a crown. Later, the growth of the leaves remained relatively stable. Until mid -October, after the tree entered the dormant period, the leaves were withered on the branches. During a growing season, the growth of large fruit hazelnut branches has two periods of rapid growth. Each fast -growing period is manifested as the basic growth law of “slow -fast -slow”, that is, slow growth at the beginning, and the speed gradually accelerates. The speed gradually accelerates. The highest point gradually slows down, and then enters the dormant period and stops growing. The first growing rapid period of the growth of hazelnut branches of the big fruit appears from mid -June to mid -July from June to mid -July, and its peaks often appear at the end of June; In mid -to -end, the peak appeared in mid -August, and the branches will stop growing in mid -September; after mid -October, the full leaves will enter the dormant period.
Big fruit hazelnuts have an inherent flower period. It belongs to a typical first flower and then leaf plant. Female and male flowers are open to the leaves. The male flowers are open to the female flowers. The male flowers are soft inflorescences. The upper part of the tip, the female flower is a spherical inflorescence, without stems, the female flower is covered in the scale buds, and is born in the middle, upper and top of the year of the year. When the male flower of the hazelnut is open, it is mainly manifested in the growth of the male flower inflorescence. Generally, the length of the stretch is 5-10 cm. When the female flowers are open, the main manifestation is that a beam of the flower buds is stretched out. The length of the stigma is 5-8 mm, and each flower is 2 stigma. Generally, when the hazel tree liquid flows, the average daily temperature is 6 degrees, and the large fruit hazelnuts and male and female flowers begin to open and complete pollination. The male flowers can be opened as the female flower 1-3 days. Within 1 day, the duration of the fertilization effect is related to the meteorological factors of the outside world when the openness is open. Generally, the time is long and the temperature is relatively long. The logo of the male flowering flow period is that the inflorescence began to extend. The stigma is all extended, and the stigma is bright, humid, and shiny. It is developing around. This period is the best time for the pollination of hazelnuts in the fruit. When the female flower stigma of the female flower is darkened and withered, it means that the pollination of the fruit hazelnut is completely over.
Second, the requirements of large fruit hazelnuts on the planting environment
Hazelnuts are very nutritious and contain active substances such as nikic acid, riboflavin, carotene, thiamine, vitamin. To form these nutrients, it is necessary to continuously absorb a large amount of nutrients from the soil, and the long -term consumption of the soil effective nutrients is continuously consumed. If there is no strong fertility foundation, it is difficult to meet the sustainable development needs of hazelnut forests. There are more than a dozen nutrient elements required for the growth and development of hazelnut trees. Successive nutritional supply can effectively promote the growth of hazelnut trees, flower bud differentiation, fruit development and seed maturity delay aging, improve photosynthetic efficiency, increase quality and increase yield, and improve the resistance of trees. Hazelnut trees are happy, cold, drought -resistant, barren resistance, fast growth, the root system is relatively developed, and the bud ability is extremely strong. It has strong adaptability to the soil and climate. Although hazelnuts are shallow -rooted tree species, sandy loam soil with deep soil layers and rich humus, well -drained sandy loam soil. If you want to make the hazelnut forests all year round, you need to create the most suitable growth soil environment.
Third, high -yield cultivation technology of big fruit hazelnuts
1. Seedlings selection and processing
We need to choose a sapling with stout and no damage, developed root system and high degree of lignification, obvious buds and full, and height of more than 70 cm. , Fruit excellent. Before the formal planting, we need to protect the integrity of the buds to ensure that the buds of the buds of the 20-50 cm stem poles of the base are not damaged; we must also ensure that we are neither sprouting nor directly from the frozen state to the ground. Before planting, we need to cut off one -third of the length of the root system, and the length of the root system is about 12 cm, so that the root system can see the new stubble.
2. Planting timely
The appropriate planting time of large fruit hazelnuts is preferably free of frost. When the soil thaw is about 40 cm, and the season is suitable for planting, it is the best time to plant large fruit hazelnuts. The mountains in the north are carried out around April 15 each year. During the best period of transplantation, seedlings are in a dormant state. Hazelnut seedlings will be long -rooted and then sprouts. It can avoid the use of water and nutrients in the rhizomes, and then effectively improve the planting rate of planting, and the growth of the tree. The latest time of hazel trees is ended before hazelnut germination, otherwise the survival rate will be severely reduced. When planting, the soil humidity should be used to make the soil into the soil, and the handiches are not scattered; if the soil humidity is not enough, it is necessary to use artificial watering to replenish it, or plant it for 2-3 days after rainfall. Planting in autumn needs to bury the fixed dry parts on the ground into the soil, and then pursue the soil the following year, it is more troublesome, but the survival effect is better. The planting density of hazelnut trees is dependent on the terrain and soil conditions. The ventilation and light and light, and the barren hillside and the hills of the hills should be appropriately planted, otherwise it needs to be sparse. The height of the large fruit hazelnut tree can reach more than 5 meters, and the plant density is usually adopted with a row spacing of 3 meters and a plant distance of 2 meters. The windshield between the slopes of the hillside is relatively reduced, and the row spacing can be appropriately reduced. In actual planting, we need to adopt appropriate planting density according to local conditions.
3. Datian management
(1) Reasonable fertilization
Reasonable fertilizer is the basic condition to promote the growth and development of hazelnuts and increase production. During the entire development process of hazelnut trees, farmhouse fertilizer and leaf fertilizer should be rationally matched. Autumn base fertilizers can generally use rotten sheep manure. 1 kg, the diverse compound fertilizer is applied for each growth season. Starting in late June, the fertilization amount is 0.5 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per plant. If the age of tree increases, the amount of fertilization must be increased in an appropriate amount. The leaf surface can spray the concentration of 0.2%amino acid chelated liquid leaf surface fertilizer to promote the increase in hazelnuts and increase the growth. Generally, it can be applied 3 times per growth season for 15 days. When fertilizing the root cause, according to the specific conditions, you can choose the gap, the gap, the acupoint, the sprinkle, and the irrigation water.
(2) Irrigation
The seedlings of the year need to ensure soil humidity to improve the survival rate. In the long run of the hazel trees, you can irrigate 3-4 times a year. Before frozen the deciduous, you must seal freeze water to prevent drought in winter and soil moisture. In the early spring to April, the roots should be poured to promote underground root system activities, maintain the dynamic balance of part of the plant water above the ground, and effectively prevent the spring breeze from pumping. From late May to early June each year, the promotion of young fruit expansion, but it must drain water in time during the rainwater waterlogging in the rainy season.
(3) Plastic pruning
Hazel trees can be carried out all year round. However, due to the different regions, climate, variety, tree age, etc., there are different best trimming timing and pruning methods. Mainly trimmed into two types of tree shapes: one is a single dry shape, leaving only one trunk of about 40 cm high, and a number of main branches are left on the main direction, leaving several side branches on the main branches, and the side branches are repeatedly lengthened on the side branches and results. Branches, and then form a natural and happy crown. The second is the smaller-shaped shape. Generally, 2-3 main branches are left. Each main branch grows on the side branches, and the side branches grow nutrient branches and result branches to form a natural and happy tree shape. The winter and spring pruning is carried out in February-March before the hazel trees. In the second year after planting, cut off about one-third of the main branches grown in the last year; in the third year, 2-3 side branches were selected on each main branch, the excess side branches were cut off, and the main branch was cut lightly, and the main branch was cut lightly, and the main branch was cut lightly. The extension of the branches and side branches; in the fourth year, we continue to lightly cut the extension of the main branches and the side branches. So far, the crown of the tree is basically formed; starting in the fifth year, we mainly cut off the dead branches, grow weak branches and overlap, and close to the branches. We need to cut off. About one -third of the primary branches extend the branch. The summer and autumn trimming from May to mid -August from the sprouts to the fall of the leaves in the summer, mainly to tingling, pulling branches, removing cuteness, regulating nutrition growth, effectively controlling the long branches, promoting the formation of flower bud Wait.
(4) Prevention and treatment of pests and insect pests
Big fruit hazelnuts are hybrids, and there are fewer pests. Among them, the pierced insects are the main pests. This kind of pests mainly eat hazelnous buds, leaves, and branches, so that the tender leaves are eaten into pinholes, and the tender branches are broken or even affecting the growth and development of new shoots. The larvae becomes harmful to nuts, causing drilling the fruit shell and destroying the kernels. The prevention and control of the agent is mainly carried out before the spawning of adults, and the prevention and control time is concentrated from mid-May to early July. Generally, a 60%D-M section 0.33%solution is used for pest-poisoning, spraying once every 15-20 days. The disease that is more likely to occur during the cultivation process of large fruit hazelnuts is pink disease. At the time of the onset, plant leaves appear macular and gradually grow white powder on the macular, which causes the leaves of the plant’s leaves to be malnourished and drop in advance. From the beginning of May to early June each year, spray 50%of the multi-bacterial wettable powder 1000-1500 solution at the leaves of the plant’s leaves, which is excellent in control.
4. Harvest
The colors of the fruit buds and fruit roofs of the hazelnuts change from white to yellow, and a circle of yellow brown appears in the base of the buds. The fruit in the bud can be touched by the hand to get rid of the bud. This marks the maturity of the fruit hazelnut. Due to the differences in factors such as varieties, climate, and terrain during maturity, the hazelnuts of Yang slopes mature earlier than the slopes, and the mature period in the northern region from mid -August to early September. It is recommended to use a mature period of shaking or fruit when the fruit is naturally falling off under the tree. This kind of fruit is almost 100 % color, and the quality is the highest.
Conclusion: The cultivation range of Daogu Hazelnuts in the northeast is relatively wide. Hazelnut trees are more important economic forest trees in the north. The economic benefits of fruit hazelnuts in the market are better and have high nutritional value. It is a common casual food. The high -yield technology of hazelnuts mainly includes the selection of varieties, soil planting conditions, and seedlings breeding, and pay attention to the later management of large fruit hazelnuts, such as the prevention and treatment of pests and insect pests, winter protection, and trimming and plastic surgery.